slave trade in Africa, factor for and its effect in Africa and other continent
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Slavery
is the ownership and control of one human being by another or we can say
slavery is legal or economic system under which people are treated as property
where by slave may be bought and sold and can be held slave from the time of
their capture[1]
.
Triangular
slave trade usually is historical posts or regional triangular trade usually
involve when regions from which its major import come. Triangular this was the
trade between three continents such as America, Africa, and Europe where by
trade cross the Atlantic Ocean, this trade emerged during the 16th
up to the 19th[2].
An
Atlantic slave in Africa began in 1444, when the Portuguese began to ship
slaves from west Africa to America for the next hundred years the main market
for these slaves were Europe and the Atlantic islands owned by Portugal and
Spain. However, the discovery of the America in 1492 by Christopher Columbus led
to the creation of new colonies with great need for cheap labor, and in the
mid-sixteenth century the European ship were carrying African slaves to Brazil,
the Caribbean islands and North America in steady of increase production.
Triangular
slave trade operate where by European ship carried European manufactured goods
to Africa such as sugar, mirrors, clothes, bears and other luxury goods and
exchange them for slave, these slaves were then taken to America whereby they
were traded for sugar, cotton, tobacco, and they are used as are workers in
plantations, and other domestic works in America and others were transported to
Europe. It is estimated that, between sixteenth and nineteenth centuries over
twelve millions Africans were transported across the Atlantic most of them come
from West Africa the regional origins of the enslaved population in Africa are.
The enslaved population came from all parts of the Atlantic coast of Africa,
from Senegambia to southern Angola, and some enslaved people came from southeastern
Africa, especially in Sierra Leone, Windward Coast. Gold Coast, Bight of Benin,
Bight of Biafra, West Central and South East Africa this is especially in the
nineteenth century. Tran’s triangular slave trade is divided into two areas
known as the first and second Atlantic system.
First
Atlantic was the trade of slaved African to primarily south America colonial of
the Portuguese and Spanish empires it accrued for only slightly
more than 3% of all Atlantic slave trade it started on significance in about
1502 and lasted 1580 when Portugal
was temporally united with Spain
while Portuguese traded enslave people themselves
the Spanish essential system
during the first Atlantic[3] system
traders were Portuguese giving The
Portuguese dominated the first period. Some slaves were moved along the shores
of western Africa, for retention and use within Africa and some were taken to
Portugal and Spain. Already by the 1490s, before Columbus reached the
Caribbean, the Portuguese established sugar plantations using enslaved labor on
a scale that foreshadowed the development of plantation slavery in the
Americas. Enslaved Africans were already being taken to the Americas; they were
part of every expedition into the regions that became the Spanish colonies, and
after the 1540s they were taken to Portuguese Brazil to grow sugar[4].
Second
Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved
by mostly British, Portuguese, Brazilian ,French and Dutch traders the
main destination of this phase were the Caribbean colonies Brazil and America a number European countries built up economically slave dependent Colonies in the new world amongst the properties of this system where frays
drake and john hasten Also the following are the society participated in the Atlantic
slave trade there is Ghana where there is Asante confederacy and mankessim
kingdom, Sierra leone-koyatemne, Benin such as kingdom of dahomey, Guinea there
is kingdom foutadyall on the final period of the transatlantic trade in humans
lasted until the 1860s[5].
In this period, Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico were the principal destinations
for enslaved Africans, since slaves could no longer legally be brought into
North America, British or French colonies in the Caribbean, or the independent
countries of Spanish America. Similarly, on the African side most slaves were
traded in only a few ports such as Luanda in Angola, Ouidah (Whydah) in the
Bight of Benin, Bonny in the Bight of Biafra, and the adjacent trade “castles”
at Koromatin and Winneba on the Gold Coast; these port they stand out as the
points of departure for the greatest number of enslaved Africans bound for the
Americas; these points probably accounted for at least one-third of all Africans
sent to the Americas. Other major ports included Old Calabar in the Bight of
Biafra; Benguela in southern Angola; Cabinda, to the north of the Congo River;
and Lagos, in the Bight of Benin in the nineteenth century[6] after
see short about the history of Atlantic slave trade now let look on the Contribution
of Africa to the development and consolidation triangular slave trade as
follows;
Source
of labor; the African were taken as slave
which were highly needed in the
America as labor in plantation
production which produce raw material
which were highly needed for the industries for example plantation
which was established in America
for example of the plantation which was
established in America are sisal
plantation ,sugar plantation and cotton plantation which needed labor for the
plantation of raw material which
were needed in industrial, African labor were needed in
whites plantation in America because the American and European were lazy and
they are not physically feat hence they
need African labor for the production[7]. During
that period Portuguese and Spain were the possessor of the majorly America
tropical colonies were not in the position to provide workers and the solution
was to take Africans as the source of production. In North America and
elsewhere in the Americas, the use of terror was basic to this mechanism of
labor supply .Africans went to areas that were developing economically, often
leaving in their wake areas of economic dislocation and desolation. North
America was typical in this regard, since African slave labor was central to several
of the most important colonies, particularly South Carolina, Virginia, and
Maryland and, indirectly, through commerce in other colonies, such as Massachusetts,
New York, and Pennsylvania.
Source
of markets African acted as source of markets for European finished
goods where after European manufactured
goods were imported to Africa
were they sell their goods to Africans
hence they get high profit
for example Timbuktu and Gao they was their the goods market for
European surplus goods[8].
Africa
as a source of raw material Africa they acted as source of raw material which
were highly needed
in the industrial such as gold and silver were taken from Africa and which were taken by European to Africa which
they need to made ornament and then where return for Africa[9].
Africa
trader and chiefs also contribute to the development of triangular slave
trade whereby they are the ones
who conquer or capture their fellow
Africans then sell them to the European slave trader dealer on selling
their fellow they get luxury goods
such glasses, clothes, on doing
so they contribute to the development of triangular slave trade, the
means in which the slaves were obtained was through the selling the culprits
who were the criminal also they going village after village ambush them or raid
the people and when they get them they sell them as slaves, also the prisoner
of the war they was also sold as slaves, another means was through trickery and
kidnapping[10]
wherever they found people who have the ability to become a slave and they can
gain much profit also these African chiefs they play another role whereby they
guide the European or Arab’s slave raider into the village in which they can
obtain slaves, also they hand over the wrong doers from their societies to the
slave trader[11]in
return they get luxury’s goods, by doing so Atlantic slave trade continue to
grow and many of African also shipped to America as slave because of things
done by Africans slave trader and African chiefs.
Also
Africans played a big role in triangular slave trade, this was through the issues of investment which was done in
African nations this means that European were using African land
for production of raw
material such as Comoros islands were by
European they produce their raw material then they ship them to the Europe or
America were they can be processed and become finished good and then , the
surplus they brought to Africa and sold at high price while they are the ones
who use their power to make sure they become raw material.
Generally
the African societies contributes the developments triangular slave trade
become they provide raw material which were highly needed in the industries for
the manufacturing and also provide a labor for the plantation which were highly
needed in the production
REFERENCES
Adediran, B. (1984). Yoruba Ethnic Groups or a Yoruba Ethnic Group
A Review of the Problem of Ethnic Identification, vol. 7. Africa: USP.
Behrendt & Stephen D. (1993).The British slave trade, 1785–180 its
profitability, and
mortality. Wisconsin:
University of Wisconsin.
Clarkson, T. (1785). Essay
on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge
University.
Colclanis, and Peter A. (2005).the
Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries: Organization, Operation, Practice, and Personnel. Columbia:
University of South Carolina Press.
Curtin, P. D. (1967). Africa Remembered: Narratives by West
Africans from the Era of the
Slave Trade.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Curto,
C. and Paul E. (2004).Enslaving Spirits
at Luanda. Netherlands: Hinterland Leiden.
Dantzig, A. (1975). Effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Some West African Societies.
Netherlands: Hinterland Leiden.
Eltis,
D. (1992). Was the Slave Trade Dominated
by Men?”Journal of Interdisciplinary
History, vol. 23.Cambridge
England: Cambridge University Press.
Eltis, D. (2000).The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas, Cambridge England:
Cambridge University Press.
[1]Clarkson,
T. (1785). “Essay on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade”. Cambridge: Cambridge
University. Pp. 5
[2]Behrendt
& Stephen D. (1993).The British slave
trade, 1785–1807, profitability, and mortality. Wisconsin: University of
Wisconsin. Pp 12
[3]Colclanis,
and Peter A. (2005). the Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries: Organization, Operation, Practice, and Personnel.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Pp. 45-46
[4]ibd
[5]Curtin,
P. D. (1967). Africa Remembered:
Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade, Madison, WI:
University of Wisconsin Press.
[6]Colclanis, and Peter A. (2005). The
Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Organization,
Operation, Practice, and Personnel. Columbia: University of South Carolina
Press.
[7]Clarkson,
T. (1785). “Essay on the Inhumanity of the Slave Trade”. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
[8]Dantzig,
A. (1975). Effect of the Atlantic Slave
Trade on Some West African Societies. Netherlands: Hinterland Leiden, pp.
252–269.
[9]ibd
[10]Curto,
C. and Paul E. (2004).Enslaving Spirits
at Luanda. Netherlands: Hinterland Leiden. pp.
134
[11]Eltis,
D. (1992). Was the Slave Trade Dominated
by Men?”Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 23. Cambridge England: Cambridge
University Press. pg. 237–257.
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